Стейкхолдеры: Кто Это, Их Роль, Типы, Примеры И Пр

После продажи акций Петру Петровичу Иван Иванович перестаёт быть заинтересованной стороной. Акционер так и остается стейкхолдером, но выступающий в этой роли человек меняется. Каждому стейкхолдеру нужно присвоить оценку от –5 (максимальное противодействие — всеми силами будут негативно влиять на бизнес) до +5 (самая большая поддержка).

Кого относят к стейкхолдерам

Бизнес влияет на потребителей, поставщиков, спонсоров, а те в свою очередь влияют на бизнес. В проекте необходимо совместно со стейкхолдерами определять корректность выражения их требований. Для этого необходимо обеспечить обратную связь от разработчиков к стейкхолдерам, чтобы гарантировать правильное понимание устанавливаемых требований.

Предварительный Анализ Заинтересованных Сторон: Выделяем Стейкхолдеров

То есть понять, насколько каждый из них заинтересован в деятельности компании, а также чего он хочет. В этой статье мы подробно разберем сущность и значимость заинтересованных сторон бизнеса. Расскажем о том, какими они бывают, какую роль играют в процессе формирования успешной компании. Разберем способы поиска и инструменты анализа стейкхолдеров. Результат проекта и соответствие ожиданиям во многом зависит от управления стейкхолдерами. Негативные последствия будут уменьшены, когда взаимодействие с «опасными» стейкхолдерами будет минимизировано или выстроено с пользой для компании.

Следующий шаг — анализ интересов и взаимодействий стейкхолдеров. Определите, какие интересы и цели у каждой группы или лица и какой у них уровень влияния на проект или организацию. Изучите, как стейкхолдеры взаимодействуют друг с другом и с организацией. Анализируйте каналы коммуникации, взаимодействие в рамках предыдущих проектов, случаи сотрудничества внутри отрасли. Большинство людей считают, что это акционеры, которые заинтересованы в успехе компании с финансовой стороны. Но на самом деле стейкхолдеры – все лица, причастные к проекту.

В эту категорию включаются не только конечные потребители, но и партнеры, дилеры и ритейл. Общественные настроения – наиболее стейкхолдер это непримиримый соперник для любого бизнеса. От активистских движений страдают не только промышленные предприятия.

  • В статье рассказываем, кто такие стейкхолдеры и как с ними работать.
  • Таблица позволяет визуализировать информацию и определить приоритетных для управления и взаимодействия стейкхолдеров.
  • Все люди, от которых очень сильно зависит позитивное развитие проекта.
  • □ Есть соглашение, какие группы стейкхолдеров должны быть представлены.

Вокруг могут быть сотни или даже тысячи потенциальных стейкхолдеров. Классификация стейкхолдеров по степени влияния и заинтересованности помогает выявить связи, способы взаимодействия, оценить возможные проблемы, опасности и перспективы. И, наконец, государство в лице контролирующих органов также является стейкхолдером. Налоги закладываются в конечную цену продукта, а различные ограничения играют немаловажную роль в получении прибыли. Так, для некоторых видов деятельности необходимо получение лицензии, что требует дополнительных расходов.

Инструменты

В приведенной выше матрице были выделены типичные группы стейкхолдеров. Теперь рассмотрим каждую группу более подробно по убыванию в зависимости от степени влияния. Вторая ячейка должна содержать наименования тех субъектов, которые также являются важными лицами для компании, но уже не такими, как инвесторы и руководители. Постепенно они могут перекочевать и в первый квадрат, став незаменимыми для компании. Знание ожиданий не означает обязательного их удовлетворения.

Кого относят к стейкхолдерам

Важность показывает, как сильно заинтересован стейкхолдер в бизнесе. Влияние — то, насколько заинтересованная сторона может воздействовать на бизнес. Все люди, от которых очень сильно зависит позитивное развитие проекта.

Как Выявлять И Анализировать Стейкхолдеров

К ним относятся даже целые организации, которые вовлечены в работу компании и способны влиять на процессы внутри нее. Карта стейкхолдеров — инструмент, который помогает определить, каким образом лидер компании/проекта может влиять на заинтересованные стороны. Любой анализ стейкхолдеров начинают с поиска заинтересованных сторон.

Помимо владельца фирмы или создателя проекта, на благо бизнеса трудятся специалисты, от которых напрямую зависит конечный результат. Простыми словами, внутренние стейкхолдеры – это те, кто работает над проектом и участвует в его финансировании. Это предположение было бы верно, если бы проект являлся аптекой. Но наша фирма – оптовый поставщик, а значит, покупателями являются организации.

Такой способ помогает систематизировать знания о заинтересованных лицах, чтобы впоследствии облегчить принятие решения, учитывающего интересы всех стейкхолдеров. Акционеры – это заинтересованные стороны, которые финансово вкладываются в организацию. В то время как стейкхолдеры заинтересованы в общих результатах деятельности компании, акционеры заинтересованы в результатах деятельности компании или в возврате инвестиций. Например, в здравоохранении стейкхолдеры – это те, кто непосредственно заинтересован в предоставляемых медицинских услугах и принимаемых в связи с ними решениях.

Инструкция По Управлению Стейкхолдерами

Такой специалист проводит мониторинг различных этапов производственного цикла, готовит документы по стандартизации, работает с браком. Конкуренты – это категория так называемых внешних стейкхолдеров, изучением которой занимаются финансовые аналитики. Создание более привлекательных по сравнению с конкурентами условий – важная составляющая успеха проекта. Совет директоров, топ-менеджеры – лица, заинтересованные в получении прибыли и наделенные полномочиями управления компанией.

Может быть, ваша реклама недостаточно эффективна или ассортимент недостаточен? А может быть, у конкурента есть более гибкая система скидок? Одним словом, нужно работать над тем, чтобы создать для клиентов более привлекательные условия по сравнению с конкурентами. На технические процессы влияют прежде всего внутренние стейкхолдеры – сотрудники компании или команда проекта. Это могут быть технологи, инженеры и другие специалисты, регулирующие технические процессы.

□ Представители стейкхолдеров согласны, что команда ценит и уважает их вклад в работу. □ Члены команды согласны, что представители стейкхолдеров ценят и уважают их вклад в работу. □ Представители стейкхолдеров согласны с тем, как уравновешены их приоритеты и точки зрения, чтобы дать ясные указания для команды.

Другой инструмент, который используют для работы со стейкхолдерами, — это матрица. По уровню влияния заинтересованные стороны делятся на первичные и вторичные. К первой категории относятся зачастую внутренние стейкхолдеры, а ко второй — внешние, то есть те, кто могут повлиять косвенно и не имеют прямого интереса к компании или продукту. В теории организации стейкхолдеры составляют окружение компании, которое в разной степени воздействует на бизнес.

Карта Заинтересованных Сторон

Значимые люди, которые обладают меньшим влиянием по сравнению со стейкхолдерами из первого квадрата. Это сотрудники, которые горят идеей или просто хорошо работают. Их можно рассматривать как тех, кто при случае может перейти в первый квадрат. Таблица позволяет визуализировать информацию и определить приоритетных для управления и взаимодействия стейкхолдеров.

Стейкхолдер

Капитализм стейкхолдеров – это система, в которой организация отдает приоритет интересам стейкхолдеров. Все, кто находятся в первом, — потрясающие люди, которые всеми силами стараются поддержать проект и вывести его на лидирующие позиции. В идеальной картине мира здесь обязательно должны находиться инвесторы, команда и ее непосредственный руководитель.

Что Важно Запомнить

Основатели компании хотели бы выпускать напитки в пластиковых бутылках, чтобы сократить расходы. А активисты требуют поменять упаковку, чтобы не загрязнять планету. Если учитывать интересы всех стейкхолдеров, бизнес будет процветать. С их помощью можно улучшить имидж бренда, сделать продукцию и услуги более качественными, привлечь больше денег. Для этого компании и ИП находят всех стейкхолдеров и узнают их предпочтения. Какие стейкхолдеры относятся к бизнесу — зависит от его сферы деятельности.

Полномочия руководителя проекта согласовываются с заказчиком и должны быть зафиксированы в контракте. Но специалист по маркетингу должен работать в паре с финансовым аналитиком или экономистом, которые будут представлять интересы компании. Цена на товар или услугу должна быть такой, чтобы удовлетворять потребности как покупателя, так и продавца. Ожидание – это то, что стейкхолдер хочет получить от компании, вступая с ней во взаимодействие. Любая заинтересованная сторона обладает ожиданиями и возможностью реагировать на действия организации (далее вклад).

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Living with an Alcoholic: Tips for Life with Alcohol Use Disorder

how to deal with an alcoholic

The deal was reached Friday afternoon and it came two weeks after more than 9,000 LCBO workers represented by the Ontario Public Service Employees Union (OPSEU) walked off the job. If you want your portfolio to allocate a specific amount to each individual stock, you may have to rebalance to achieve this goal. To place your stock order, navigate to the section of your brokerage’s platform and punch in the necessary information. Once you place your order, your portfolio will immediately update to reflect your newly purchased shares. It is a priority for CBC to create products that are accessible to all in Canada including people with visual, hearing, motor and cognitive challenges.

Don’t Enable Their Behavior

Enabling occurs when someone else covers up or makes excuses for the person who has a SUD. As a result, the person with a SUD doesn’t deal with the consequences of their actions. If family members try to “help” by covering up for their drinking and making excuses for them, they are playing right into their loved one’s denial game. Dealing with the problem openly and honestly is the best approach. Many family members of someone struggling with alcohol dependency try everything they can think of to get their loved one to stop drinking.

LCBO workers ratify deal to end strike, stores to reopen Tuesday

In a way, learning to stop enabling another person’s drug or alcohol misuse can be very empowering for you. Friends, family, and other loved ones may unintentionally make a situation worse by enabling a person who misuses alcohol. You may only be trying to help and likely do not realize that you’re being an enabler. In this article, we’ll talk about how to tell if you’re enabling or helping a loved one with alcohol or substance use disorder, and how to stop being an enabler. If you have a loved one who is misusing alcohol, you may wonder if you’re helping them or enabling them.

Press Play for Advice On Finding Help for Alcohol Addiction

And above all else, take steps to keep you and the rest of your household safe and healthy. If a parent has AUD, a child may experience excessive stress because they don’t know what mood their parent will be in from day to day. Children may no longer be able to rely on the adult with AUD, which can place undue pressures on them. They might also be at risk for other forms of physical and emotional violence. Intoxication can also present other unpredictable events, including physical dangers. When under the influence, your loved one may become angry and lash out.

how to deal with an alcoholic

If you have children, it’s important to protect them from unacceptable behavior as well. Do not tolerate hurtful or negative comments addressed towards them. These comments can result in lasting damage to a child’s psyche. You might slowly begin to accept more and more unacceptable behavior. Before you realize it, you can find yourself in a full-blown abusive relationship. “We were out of options at this point,” he said of the court action.

Living with Someone Who Has Alcohol Use Disorder

how to deal with an alcoholic

In 1948, Danish researchers trying to find treatments for parasitic stomach infections discovered the alcohol-related effects of disulfiram when they too became ill after drinking alcohol. The researchers began a new set of studies on using disulfiram to treat alcohol dependence. According https://rehabliving.net/ to research, medications seem to be a positive part of the most effective combination for the treatment of alcohol use disorders—it’s also underused as a treatment method. Jeanette Hu, AMFT, based in California, is a former daily drinker, psychotherapist, and Sober Curiosity Guide.

Every company has a unique company culture, and every business that gains prominence has something that it contributes to the broader market. It’s also looking for the province to guarantee wage increases and is seeking “more stable and permanent jobs.” The plan will allow all 8,000-plus convenience stores and grocery stores in the province to sell beer, wine and ready-to-drink cocktails. “To introduce a new set of demands after reaching a tentative agreement amounts to bad faith bargaining,” the statement said.

  1. “Sorry, they can’t come into work today—they’ve picked up some kind of flu bug?” Maybe that’s a call you’ve made on behalf of a loved one who is too hungover to go to work.
  2. The most successful treatment happens when a person wants to change.
  3. There’s a difference between helping and enabling someone, but it’s not always easy to tell.

It might also be useful to contact a healthcare professional who specializes in addiction. They may be able to provide guidance on the best ways to approach someone with AUD. You doctor also can refer you to a treatment center or experts who can help. Alcohol use disorder is what doctors call it when you can’t control how much you drink and have trouble with your emotions when you’re not drinking. Some people may think the only way to deal with it is with willpower, as if it’s a problem they have to work through all on their own.

Watching a family member, friend, or coworker with an alcohol use disorder can be difficult. You might wonder what you can do to change the situation, and whether or not the person even wants your help. Celebrate if a friend or loved one with an addiction takes a step toward rehabilitation … but don’t be surprised by a stumble. Relapse rates are common among those who seek treatment for an addiction.

Discover the perfect therapist who aligns with your goals and preferences, allowing you to take charge of your mental health. Whether you’re searching for a specialist based on your unique needs, experience level, insurance coverage, budget, or location, our user-friendly platform has you covered. When dealing with an alcoholic, it can be easy to lose hope and think that no matter what you do, the alcoholic is only going to get worse. And while it was previously believed that alcoholism is a progressive disease, meaning one that continually gets worse, this isn’t true. Modern science has found that alcoholism isn’t inevitably progressive, and many people recover successfully. If someone is helping a person with AUD, they must be mindful not to enable drinking behavior.

Helping does not protect a person who is misusing alcohol from the consequences of their actions. Denial is a term used to indicate the unwillingness or inability of a person to admit to some truth, in this case alcoholism. Learning how to deal with an alcoholic is something no one is taught in school. Dealing with an alcoholic isn’t even something people think about until they find themselves caring about, or living with, an alcoholic. Dealing with an alcoholic isn’t easy, even for friends or family members. Fortunately, there are ways for you to help them overcome their addiction.

It can take 10 or more attempts at treatment before someone makes progress on overcoming an addiction. Did a night of excessive drinking leave cans or bottles littering your living room floor? So, take a step back and let them deal with the after-effects of their addictive behavior. If you’re going to engage someone who’s been drinking and shown flashes of violence, don’t do it alone.

However, admitting to a problem is the only way to start dealing with an alcoholic. The emotional impact of helping a loved one stay sober can take a toll. Seek help from a therapist or a counselor if you feel stressed or depressed. You can also participate in a program that’s designed for the friends and family members of alcoholics, such as Al-Anon.

how to deal with an alcoholic

So, what happens when you stop enabling someone with an alcohol or substance use disorder? It’s possible that after an enabling system is removed, the fear will force a person to seek help, but there are no guarantees. Setting boundaries is something you do for yourself—it’s not about controlling your loved one or trying to change their behavior.

Alcoholics blame others because they are embarrassed, ashamed, or because they genuinely don’t see alcohol as a problem; they see it as a solution. Remind yourself that a true alcoholic is addicted, and their drinking has nothing to do with you. When approaching https://rehabliving.net/erythema-multiforme-treatment-and-symptoms/ someone with AUD or a drinking problem, it is important to do research and approach them calmly at an appropriate time and place. If this conversation does not work, it may be necessary to stage an intervention with the support of a professional or others.

“A return-to-work protocol is necessary for workers to go back to work in the event of a strike,” union representative Katie Arnup said at a news conference. “Without that document signed, we do not have a deal. The strike continues.” The survey dug into their alcohol use and their perceptions of their own ability to deal with stress, measured as resilience. In 2001, David Sinclair, PhD, a researcher in Finland claimed an 80 percent cure rate for alcohol dependence when anti-alcohol drugs Revia or Vivitrol are prescribed according to his Sinclair Method. Dr. Sinclair’s research has been published in the peer-reviewed journals Alcohol and Alcoholism and the Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology.

Others may want one-on-one therapy for a longer time to deal with issues like anxiety or depression. Alcohol use can have a big effect on the people close to you, so couples or family therapy can help, too. The one that’s right for you depends on your situation and your goals.

They likely don’t even realize they’re behaving this way, and they may not remember once the effects of the alcohol wear off. Someone with AUD may also become angry or irritable when they don’t have access to alcohol because they’re experiencing withdrawal. A support group such as Al-Anon Family Groups may also be a helpful source of support when you have someone in your life with a drinking problem. The group can give you a place to get social support and encouragement from others going through a similar situation. Natural consequences may mean that you refuse to spend any time with the person dependent on alcohol. In other words, their behavior, rather than your reaction to their behavior, becomes the focus.

It’s also important to address your family’s own needs at this time. Make sure your children are eating a healthy diet and getting adequate exercise and sleep. Children who grow up with a parent with AUD are more likely to misuse alcohol themselves later in life. They’re also at a higher risk for other challenges, including difficulties forming close relationships, lying, and self-judgment.

Lastly, don’t be afraid to reach out for support and professional help. People who are experiencing difficulties with alcohol use should seek professional help. If someone cannot control their drinking habits or experiences negative consequences as a result of drinking, they may have AUD.

Are AA and NA Really That Effective? Plus Alternatives to Consider

narcotics anonymous vs alcoholic anonymous

Continual participation is the key to the effectiveness of the program. Typically, both NA and AA meetings begin with reading the 12 Steps. You may also hear people reciting the serenity prayer or the 12 Traditions.

Meeting Structure

narcotics anonymous vs alcoholic anonymous

NA and other 12-step programs are based on the belief that the individual’s life is “unmanageable.” And that unmanageability arose because of a lack of choice or determination within the mind of the addict concerning whether to use the substance again. Closed meetings are only for members of NA unless otherwise stated, where participants remain anonymous. Everyone agrees to keep the details of the sessions and those who attend private. Meanwhile, speaker meetings involve one or more members speaking for most of the meeting.

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  1. They are not allied with any organizations or religions, and are not-for-profit.
  2. Seeing how AA helped so many alcoholics get free from their addiction, people saw a need for those who struggled with drug addiction.
  3. We know from other types of peer support, and anecdotally from people in recovery, this type of support is helpful and highly valued.

This step requires you to make a list of all those who were harmed by your substance abuse and prepare yourself to apologize and make amends to all of them. This can be difficult, but if you’ve found yourself feeling isolated lately, steps eight and nine can help you improve your relationships and rejoin your community. Like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), members use a 12-step program to guide them through recovery. Meetings tend to last 60 to 90 minutes and offer open and closed meetings. Unlike closed meetings, open meetings welcome public members interested in NA.

Is AA or NA the Right Program for You?

Some people choose God (in whatever form or belief) as theirs, and others do not. This step of recovery involves actively monitoring behavior and being willing to admit and rectify mistakes as they happen. Imperfection and setbacks are expected, but staying accountable and honest can keep people from falling back into old habits. Understanding these failings and being willing to ask for help and draw on spiritual strength is important.

History of Alcoholics Anonymous

NA was founded in 1953 in California by Jimmy K as an alternative to AA but spiritually the same. Up until NA’s founding many drug addicts had taken part in AA for recovery but noted the indifference they received from others who thought AA should only be for alcoholics. The early group published the basic text for Alcoholics Anonymous in 1939 and the program has since grown to thousands of groups and meetings across the globe and the most popular addiction treatment program. AA was founded in Akron, Ohio in 1935 by New York stockbroker Bill W.

Members can share their experiences during NA meetings for 5 minutes or so. Besides complementing the 12 steps, the 12 traditions allow the organization to stay committed to its goal in unity. These guidelines can help avoid potential problems the organization may have in straying away from its mission. But there have been no serious candidates for gene, brain or personality differences that reliably predict the development or severity of alcohol or other drug problems. Many people who meet the AA definition of an “alcoholic” have successfully returned to controlled drinking. At 4-, 6-, and 8-year follow-up, girls (40% of the sample) had more abstinent days than boys.

If you’re an alcoholic, you go to AA and if you’re addicted to other drugs you go to NA. Many in AA regarded drug addicts at meetings with disdain and many in NA were envious of AA’s resources but that’s no longer the case. Though the divide of alcoholic vs addict remains, AA and NA are now more open to different types of attendees and won’t shut the door to a drug addict at an AA meeting and vice versa. You’re more likely to see alcoholics in NA meetings compared to drug addicts in AA meetings but there are no official rules. Narcotics Anonymous (NA) is a global organization dedicated to helping people addicted to substances pursue and maintain a drug-free lifestyle via a 12-step program.

We are visually recognizing our growth with a unified look that better reflects who we are today and the passion we have for helping everyone with their addiction and mental health recovery journeys. You can attend AA, NA, or any other meetings you’re comfortable with regardless if you’re an alcoholic or are addicted to other drugs. Though there’s small differences, both NA and AA use the 12-step program that will help any type of addiction. You can attend an NA meeting on Tuesday and an AA meeting on Thursday – whichever helps you the most.

narcotics anonymous vs alcoholic anonymous

In this article, we’ll talk about some of those differences, but we’ll also discuss some of the similarities. First, let’s go over some basic background behind each of these addiction treatment programs. Dealing with substance use disorder (SUD) may require medically assisted treatment and other lifestyle changes. Among these recovery and aftercare programs is joining a support group to share experiences and find strength in other people’s recovery journeys. Anyone can drop in an open meeting, including friends and relatives, community members, and college students studying substance abuse. Those with multiple addictions should simply choose the 12-step meeting they’re most comfortable with.

The best way to choose between AA and NA is deciding which meeting you like best and does the most to help you in your path to lifelong sobriety. For most alcoholics this is AA and for most https://sober-home.org/psychedelic-and-dissociative-drugs-national/ drug addicts this NA, but you don’t have to choose. Kelly and Myers (2007) provided the first review of predictors of adolescents’ participation in AA/NA and AA/NA behavioral outcomes.

Based on the successes of AA, NA was formed to specifically help those who were addicted to drugs other than alcohol. The founders, a stock broker and a surgeon, developed a system of peer support https://sober-home.org/ and then formalised the 12 steps, largely drawn from their own and others’ experience of recovery. NA meetings are not based in any religion, but are rather grounded in spirituality.

It’s best to work with an addiction specialist to receive the proper combination of treatments for your condition. Like all treatment programs, NA works for some and is not enough for others. Finding the right tools is essential to managing addiction; NA is just one of many tools to recover. It’s important to understand that the meetings aren’t meant to be group therapy sessions. The goal is to create a safe environment where people can connect and support each other’s recovery. The primary purpose of NA is to build strong support groups and help members remain completely abstinent from drugs.

If respondents felt they could moderate their use of drugs and alcohol, rather than stop completely, this predicted less abstinence at each follow-up occasion. SMART Recovery is less rigid, but it’s also less commonly found in communities. CBT costs money and often requires insurance, but some people may benefit from its more holistic and individualized approach. If one AA meeting isn’t working, try attending a different meeting or group altogether. Because it’s so accessible, you likely won’t have problems finding other meetings. You might feel more comfortable (and have more time) addressing these issues in an individual or smaller group setting, Patterson notes.

Any drug addict can get help in AA and any alcoholic can get help in NA – it’s all about what you think will work best for you. NA (Narcotics Anonymous) and AA (Alcoholics Anonymous) are two of the most influential and effective substance abuse recovery groups. Thousands of people have benefited from these two programs to cure their alcohol or drug addictions. As you can see, both programs have very similar premises, yet there are some subtle differences to consider as well.

I located three studies that addressed mediation of the effects of teen AA/NA involvement and behavioral outcomes, two of which were completed by Kelly et al. (2000, 2002) and colleagues. Kelly et al. found that a key mediator of benefits of AA/NA participation was motivation for abstinence. (In addition, they failed to find that learning coping strategies mediated change.) Possibly, group support processes enhance motivation for abstinence, which then results in longer term abstinence among teens.

Bill realized the only way he could get sober was by helping other alcoholics but found himself stuck in Akron with no one to talk to. Fearing for his sobriety Bill W called churches and hospitals before connecting to Dr. Bob, an Ohio surgeon who had tried to stop drinking several times with no success. Addicts include those who use everything from heroin and cocaine to prescription drugs and a variety of other mind-altering substances.

Many experts agree that socializing with others and doing service work can be powerful tools for those recovering from addiction. Get professional help from an addiction and mental health counselor from BetterHelp via phone, video, or live-chat. Narcotics Anonymous bases their treatment on the AA-established 12 steps. The only difference is that the NA terminology replaces references to “alcohol” with simply “addiction,” as NA doesn’t make a distinction between addictions. It’s natural to be a little intimidated before going to a meeting, but just remember that everyone was once where you are.

For men and women, doing service and having a home group was predictive of sustained abstinence over 3 years. Laudet discussed how some of these activities can be translated outside of the 12-Step context to benefit individuals who choose not to participate in 12-Step groups. First, Laudet examined the role of 12-Step affiliation—meeting attendance and involvement in 12-Step suggested activities—as predictors of abstinence sustained continuously over one or more years. Attending 12-Step meetings, considering one’s self a member of a 12-Step fellowship, and working the steps at baseline were predictive of sustained abstinence over one year.

The fellowships literature [the Basic Text] was a huge collaborative effort and was written by hundreds of addicts. The literature itself was edited and approved through NA international conferences and was eventually agreed upon by every member of NA who wished to have a say. The 12 steps are similar to those in AA but the literature itself was written by many and includes inspiring biographical stories written by addicts from around the world.